An inspiring journey of a solitary creature

Olive Redley Turtle and its Navigation System

I hear a lot about olive ridley turtles from my wildlife-enthusiast friends. The turtle conservation project is at full surge in regions alongside the Maharashtra coastline. It is an initiative led and executed by the Forest Department and several wildlife NGOs to prevent turtle poaching and save them from becoming extinct. The survival of sea turtles is crucial for the ocean ecosystem, as they are one of the keystone species: a vital constituent that has a direct impact on its surrounding environment, and the removal of which leads to ecological imbalance. The turtle conservation project has now grown to an extent that annual turtle festivals are held in places like Velas, creating awareness about the vitality of sea turtles.

The life cycle of these turtles is very interesting. The female comes out of the sea and lays eggs by digging a trench on the soft sand at the farther end of the beach. This usually happens at night. The nests are then collected and stored by the conservationists in enclosed, protected locations. The hatchlings, while coming out of the eggs, feed on the yolk, rich in nutrients. The hatchlings are then taken out of the nest and placed near the shore. The journey of life begins here! Slowly moving its flippers one by one, the little turtle begins its long walk to the sea. 

I was lucky enough to watch this live at the Guhagar beach in Kokan. When the hatchlings were placed on the beach, for a few seconds they remained still on the sand, as if trying to sense the new environment. Slowly, they started moving their flippers in the direction of the sea. Sensory cues like sound and illumination from the ocean currents help them navigate in that direction. As a turtle is capable of detecting Earth's magnetic field, the field lines associated with a particular geographical location get stored in its memory. So when the turtle grows up, and although it might have travelled miles of distance, crossing different seas, it still returns to the beach on which it was born and took its first steps into the water. The flipper tagging of turtles enables us to understand where they've come from and the distance covered by them. 

This slow journey is full of grit and determination. There were small pebbles on its path, which the little turtle dodged skillfully. The wet sand was also quite an obstacle as the hatchling's flippers would get stuck in it. Despite all this, the turtle would continue to move as if it were born with the realization that the sea is its only destination and survival. The first wave that splashed across the turtle literally put it off guard, while it continued to flap, getting accustomed to this new exercise of swimming through. Maybe the walk on the sand up to the first wave serves as a warm-up for the little turtle before it actually starts swimming. Another wave and the turtle was nowhere to be seen. Breathing during the first few minutes is difficult while the turtle keeps its pace with the large waves. It cannot breathe underwater due to the absence of gills and has to pop up on the surface every time to get a gulp of fresh air. It's quite an independent creature without anyone to guide it as to what to do next. My friend gifted me a Marathi book on the olive Ridley turtle, written by Rucha Namjoshi and conceptualized by Mohan Updhayay- a really good science communication effort.

Not many survive till the end of the journey, but each one of them gives their best shot during the process. Although a just-born, the little turtle still gives everything that it's capable of to get into the sea. Whenever I require motivation or need a force to move ahead, I can refer to this picture etched in my memory: The tiny, solitary turtle marching towards the infinite sea across a pebbled path, swimming through the huge waves, one flap at a time.

©Neha Kanase 

 Back on Earth: Sunita Williams and her space voyage

The return of the crew-9 from space after a 286-day long stay at the International Space Station has created quite a buzz during the last few days. The landing of the Space X Dragon capsule looked like something straight out of a science fiction movie. I have been trying to write about this mission for some time but was waiting for the right source of information.  Ever since their return from space, I have wondered how fulfilling it would be to listen to these astronauts. That's when I happened to listen to the first live press conference of the crew-9 after their return from ISS.

The SpaceX crew dragon successfully returned to Earth on 18th March after a 9-month-long voyage in space. It is strange to know that the voyage was initially planned for a period of only 8 days. It got extended because of the technical glitches faced by the Boeing spaceliner spacecraft! They returned using SpaceX's Dragon capsule. The scene of the parachutes coming out of the dragon capsule as it began its descent towards the sea and the splashdown was eye-catching. 

This mission marked yet another achievement of Astronaut Sunita Williams. She began her career as a naval aviator in the US navy, where she completed a total of 3000 flight hours in 30 different aircraft. That's before she joined NASA as an astronaut. Following vigorous training, she has been a part of NASA's crucial missions- contributing to several expeditions to the space station as a flight engineer, deputy chief, and pilot. She also lived 9 days underground during NASA's Extreme Environment Mission Operations. She has spent a total of 608 days in space and has created a record of 62 hours and 6 minutes of spacewalks- the time when astronauts venture out of their spacecraft. She was a part of the current space mission along with Butch Willmore. They boarded the Boeing space liner spacecraft to the International Space Station.

The International Space Station (ISS)

It is a space research laboratory used by several countries. The ISS is one of the largest man-made space objects. It is the home to astronauts who travel to space. It orbits the earth every 90 minutes and comprises all the essential facilities for surviving in space alongside conduction research. Since its opening in 1998, it has been continuously operated by a crew of scientists, astronauts, and cosmonauts who travel to the ISS and work in shifts. It is an engineering marvel, the parts of which were carried through spacecrafts and actually assembled in space by astronauts! Externally, it has robotic arms for movement and solar arrays on both its sides to generate electricity for the ISS. It has a docking port for boarding the incoming and outgoing spacecraft that carry astronauts. Sunita Williams and Butch Willmore travelled to ISS through the Boeing spaceliner.

Boeing spaceliner

This is a first-of-its-kind spacecraft. The Astronauts described it as an innovation with tremendous potential. It is reusable up to 10 times. They are very much willing to travel using the spaceliner yet again and resolve the technicalities. The reasons for the extended stay were these technicalities. During the 9-month mission, Sunita Williams was said to have contributed tremendously to the ongoing space research. She carried out scientific experiments in microgravity environments, testing experiments for the moon and mars, docking vehicles, for next steps of universe exploration using next generation technologies, navigation controls and so on. Nick Hague spoke about other experiments like the vascular age experiment, responses to the human body in space, immune responses, muscle stimulation, and post-mission monitoring: this is important as it shows the after effects of 9 months of floating in space due to the absence of gravity! While at ISS, they clicked some really cool pictures of the Earth. Sunita Williams described how beautiful and colorful India looked from space. With the Himalayan fold mountains and the ocean surrounding it. At night, the lights from the big cities going into the smaller cities were cleary visible, she said.  This description of India was reported in several Indian newspapers and news channels after the press conference. In 1984, when commander Rakesh Sharma travelled to space (the first and the only Indian citizen to go to space), he described India as 'Saare Jahan se accha'. Sunita Williams and Butch Willmore returned to Earth in the Space X's crew dragon.

SpaceX crew Dragon

A private spacecraft to carry astronauts and cargo from the Earth's orbit to space and vice-versa. It comprises 16 small liquid rocket engines that are capable of generating the required force and orienting the capsule's motion. One of the striking features of the Dragon is the parachute system to decelerate its speed during the landing. Sunita Williams and Butch Willmore returned to Earth using the Space X Drgaon. Astronauts Nick Hague and  Alexandr Gorbunov boarded it to the ISS and accompanied the two of them back to Earth. The landing of the Dragon was a spectacle to watch. During the press conference, the crew was asked to describe their coming back experience, to which Billmore replied, "Its hard to describe what one feels in the sky at 3500 degrees Fahrenheit while the entire capsule is vigorously shaking and twisting". The high temperature due to the atmospheric friction produced as a result of high entering velocity, about 17000 miles per hour. 

Many research areas are involved in such this: tremendous amounts of mathematics, Physics, engineering, chemical propellants and polymer composites synthesis, electronics, navigation, continuous monitoring, statistics, physical and mental training, and so on.  Staying in space would indeed be a truly out-of-this-world experience- both in the literal and actual sense! The thought that every minute, there are humans out there performing experiments in space, itself is mind-blowing. 

©Neha Kanase 

Interviewing a legend of the Indian Science and Technology

With Dr. Anil Kakodkar

It was the summer of 2023- mid-May. I was working on a project to make a documentary on Dr. Bibha Chowdhury, a pioneering and remarkable Physicist. This was under an initiative to produce documentaries on Indian Scientists by the Science Media Centre at IISER Pune. During the research work, I would talk to several scientists who had worked in a similar domain to that of Dr. Chowdhury. One of them was Prof. Sunil Gupta, a renowned cosmic ray physicist who was instrumental in setting up the largest, indigenously built cosmic ray GRAPES -3 experiment in Ooty. While describing his research, he mentioned Dr. Anil Kakodkar, as his inspiration for leading self-reliant technological advancement in the country. It was a casual mention, not at all connected with the story I was working on, yet somehow, that sentence stayed in my head. I had heard about the highly secretive Pokhran nuclear tests and Dr. Kakodkar since my school days. He was like a scientist superhero to me and I had an earnest desire to meet him since then. 

Within the next few days, the Director sent an email about the 10th convocation ceremony of IISER Pune to all the IISERites. And guess who the chief guest was- none other than, Dr. Anil Kakodkar. I was thrilled and wanted to give it a shot. I spent the next few hours watching his online interviews and trying to somehow connect him with my current story. Soon, I had drafted a convincing email requesting his time for an interview during his stay on campus. I read the email over and over again. Although it did sound genuinely convincing, I did not expect a reply. Having worked on a critical project of national significance, he was a man of immense repute, the mastermind for our country to be a nuclear weapon state and a firm force that gave even George Bush a sleepless night during the Indo-US civil nuclear agreement. Nevertheless, I sent it out.

Within the next two days, I had an answer- he agreed to record the interview after the convocation ceremony. I still have that email archived. Our team hurried through the interview preparations. We only had 3 days remaining with 2 other events lined up at the same time- a science journalist’s roundtable that we were hosting and the convocation ceremony.

Just 2 days before, I issued his autobiography-‘Fire and Fury: Transforming India’s Strategic Identity’ from the library. On Saturday, we worked late in the evening for the roundtable, so I only had Sunday with me. I didn't sleep that day, read the entire book, and tried to frame some questions. Reading the book made me respect him even more. The next day, my colleagues reviewed those questions and I did rehearsals with them while the interview set-up was being done. Cameras, lights, reflectors, and mics all were in place for the interview.

He was to arrive on the evening, a day before the convocation. The guest house manager informed me that he had left from the airport and was expected any moment. When I told him about our interview scheduled the next day, he said that if I wanted to talk to him today, I could do it during the 5 minutes when the tea would be served in his room. It sounded like a good idea and I waited in the guest house foyer. His car arrived, the registrar was accompanying him. He stepped out of the car and walked in a simple, calm yet firm manner. He looked a little old, his face had a bright glow and his disposition conveyed that he was in control of everything, yet disconnected with the events happening around him. The registrar left after escorting him to his room and the director was expected any moment. I waited nervously while the tea was being prepared. I rehearsed the sentences I was to say to him again and again in my mind. As I walked to his room, behind the housekeeper who took the tea, I was suddenly totally aware. I noticed things that I usually didn't- the upward thrust of the elevator, the movement of my legs, and the silence across the hallway to his room. While something important is about to happen, awareness dawns naturally. Unlike the other usual times where we have to struggle to be in the present. When we knocked at his door, I thought I wanted to run away, adrenaline does strange things. He opened the door in the same calm and composed manner with which he’d walked across the foyer. The keeper went inside with the tea while I stood still at the door. Dr. Kakodkar looked at me quizzically. I greeted him and introduced myself, giving a reference to the email which I’d sent. He immediately recognized and smiled, which made me relax a bit. I showed him the interview questions- 2 sets were prepared, a shorter one and a slightly elaborate version, depending on the amount of time he had. I told him that I’d used the autobiography as a guide. He said that the video should not be too long, for the audience to watch it and that he would be available the day after from 4 to 5 pm. I thanked him. Once he’d closed the door, I ran to the office. It was done. This meeting made me feel more confident about facing him the next day in front of the camera.

The convocation ceremony went on till late in the afternoon. Our team was working there and we only had a little time for lunch before the interview. Moreover, our boss wasn’t happy with the set-up and decided to change it at the last minute. At quarter to four, I went to call Dr. Kakodkar. After the convocation lunch he had gone to visit some of the labs and other science centres in the institute. But when I called him, he was ready to come along. This wasn't a surprise, after you read about the kind of work he has accomplished, you know he never rests. While walking to the studio, he asked me about my educational background and whether I was a student of IISER. When we arrived, I introduced him to the other team members. While the audio was being tested, he looked at the book I had used. There were too many marker notes in between the pages, looking at them he exclaimed, ‘I hope these are not the number of questions!’   

We started recording the interview. I began with a slightly louder and high-pitched tone. But when he started talking, his voice was much softer than mine. Hence, I thought of bringing down mine too- that’s the sudden difference audible in the video. This was the first interview I conducted. My colleague, who had some experience in this, advised me not to think much about the planned structure and let the interview take its flow. Once, I asked him the first question, I didn’t have to worry about the next one. The way he ended the previous answer, usually gave a cue for the next question. Also, his slow-paced and lucid manner of narration kept me totally in the moment. The questions took longer than we had anticipated, and a few of them had to be skipped. There was too much information and insight into the topics he described. Each nuclear reactor and every project he had led could be an interview in itself. We were running overtime, so the rapid-fire questions had to be quickly covered, I didn't want to let go of them.  

Once the interview was over, we invited him for tea at the office. Although he had very little time, before leaving for the airport, still, he agreed to come. He inquired about what kind of projects we undertake and expressed his opinions on the significance of science communication. He spoke in such a light-hearted manner. At that moment, I could not relate to him as the man who stood fearlessly firm during the Indo-US civil agreement to protect our country’s nuclear capability and safety. Yet, he’s been both of them.

We took a group picture with him. He shook hands with each one of us before leaving. I escorted him to the guest house foyer where the registrar waited for him. As he sat in the car, I waved him goodbye. I held back my tears so that no one else could see them. It's not every day that I come across a man who is fully alive.

The post-production of the interview took a lot of time. It underwent multiple rounds of edits- mixing the two camera angles, adding visual effects, and working on the audio. This one was my favorite among all the videos I’d edited until that point. We also tried to develop illustrations and animations for some of the concepts he had explained. I had the initial visuals run by him through email, for which he gave appropriate feedback and suggested changes. The final YouTube video link was shared with him which he also shared in some of his groups.

I admire all the teamwork that went into this. And I can’t but wonder at the chain of events that led to fulfilling a tiny childhood wish of meeting Dr. Anil Kakodkar.

©Neha Kanase 

Interview link: https://youtu.be/c30O3qILck8?si=Cvo4NEXutROoYqfr

 

https://www.anilkakodkar.in/blog/fire-and-fury-transforming-indias-strategic-identity/

 

 The Unbreakable Code

Imagine solving a complex equation without knowing the format of the final answer: you will never know when you have arrived at a solution! I read this cool tech-fiction by Dan Brown called 'The Digital Fortress'. It's among his very old works that I came across in one of the local libraries. It is based on the story of a code-breaking machine called TRANSLTR hosted by the National Security Agency of the United States for decrypting messages to safeguard national integrity. This machine makes it possible to break every complex code and makes critical information accessible. But the catch over here is that to decode information that might be a potential threat to the US, TRANSLTR has access to several other transactions as well. This means that regular communications like emails and messages between ordinary citizens are also decoded. US citizens are unaware of TRANSLTR's existence. Although for the NSA this is a routine, many cryptographers, including a few of the NSA's employees, consider this as a breach of privacy. Ensei Takando, a former NSA employee resolves to reveal TRANSLTR to the world by threatening NSA. He pursues the NSA into believing the existence of a rotating cleartext code he developed. According to the fiction, rotating cleartext is an algorithm that in addition to encrypting, shifts the decrypted cleartext over a time-variant. This is a fictional concept according to which the computer will never locate a recognizable pattern to break the code even though it might arrive at the right key in between the shifting letters.

The NSA's deputy director is persuaded to let the code into TRANSLTR and bypass the virus filters. He works on a master plan of creating a back door to the so-called digital fortress code after getting hold of the pass key (that only Ensei Takando and his partner N Dakota possess). After doing so he would reveal TRANSLTR to the world and falsely declare to the public that digital fortress is an unbreakable code. This code when connected to a computer installed on a chip would make TRANSLTR difficult to intrude on peoples' communications. But actually, the NSA would have access to all the communications through the code's back door.

However, soon it is reveled that N Dakota never existed. It is just an anagram of Ensie Takando. He used another email ID to mislead the NSA into the conversations between himself and the virtual N Dakota. The original pass key for Digital Fortress is only with Ensie and is engraved on his ring. Ensie is soon killed and NSA get hold of the ring. 

The end is slightly disappointing where its is revealed that the code isn't a rotating cleartext but a computer worm that destroys TRANSLTR. However, in order to save the databank that contains critical security information, the pass key has to be entered. It is engraved on the ring in the following format.

 PFEESESNRETMPFHAIRWEOOIGMEENNRMAENETSHASDCNSIIAAIEER BRNKFBLELODI

These alphabets when arranged in the groups of four, give the following pattern

FEE SESN RETM MFHA IRWE OOIG MEEN NRMA ENET SHAS DCNS IIAA IEER BRNK FBLE LODI

This is a perfect square 64, when arranged in 8 rows of 8 gives a Caeser box. Julius Caeser would send messages by arranging random letters which had to be decrypted by arranging them in a square and reading the alphabets from top to bottom.

After reading from top to bottom we get the following sentence

PRIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELEMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

This turns out to be the difference in the atomic numbers of the two elements used in the bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Uranium-235 and Uranium-238: 238-235 = 3. The pass key is 3. It is entered just in time to save the database. 

The book contains a lot of drama based on the emotional dynamics of complex relationships between people, which is slightly out of place in a book based on a logical sequence. While studying prime numbers at school, I never knew they had such wide-ranging applications. They are everywhere: in encrypting messages, online transactions, and quantum computing technologies. 

©Neha Kanase 

Intensive Care Unit

A typical emotional Bollywood film often opens with a scene outside the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in a hospital. The patient's relatives sit in the waiting aisle, bearing serious facial expressions. It is one of the most tense moments of the film. This climax scene usually decides the course of the story and the lives of the characters involved. 

Interestingly the use of ICUs dates back to the 1800s, when Florence Nightingale, often referred to as the founder of modern nursing, created separate spaces for treating war soldiers with severe injuries. These soldiers were kept separate from the other war-impacted soldiers as they required special treatment and care. The ICU is a specialty facility of a hospital that cares for people who are not very stable in their health. These patients are usually suffering from serious, life-threatening illnesses. Hence, they require constant care and attention from a well-trained nursing force and doctors. This treatment is generally one-on-one unlike for the patients in the general ward.

Their bodily parameters are continuously monitored. A typical ICU is filled with several state-of-the-art, high-class instruments. When you have a closer look at it, the body seems like an experimental model to which several instruments are attached to create a working setup. One of the crucial components in this are the cardiac monitors. These are similar to ECGs and constantly monitor the heart activity- every heartbeat gets converted into an electrical signal which is amplified on a small screen next to the patient. Another one is a mechanical ventilator. The ventilator tube directly pushes air into the patient's lungs, through an invasion made through the windpipe and a ventilator mask attached to the mouth. Then there are syringes and infusion pumps that supply a constant dose of medication and liquid food to the patient. Again, the suction pumps, help remove liquid excretions generated by the body. As I said earlier, all of this looks like an experimental setup attached to a piece of flesh.

I had never felt the gravity of what the patient’s close relatives might be going through until I myself had to experience it. One has to go through extremely painful moments clouded with fear and doubt. But this pain is still nothing compared to what the patient might be going through. Having all those insertions made and tubes passing through various parts of the body must be so hurtful. For the doctors and nurses, the treatment is quite a routine procedure, but as someone related to the patient it's really tough to forebear and analyze what would happen next. And if the patient is unconscious (which is usually the case), then it's even more devoid of hope as all you have to look at are the lines on the ECG that show that the person is still alive.  

This incident made me realize the impermanence of life. The moment when someone is at the threshold of death, struggling to get a breath of life, makes all the other events insignificant. Health is the most valuable asset and taking it for granted is the biggest liability. Medical science has progressed tremendously. Health care is among the largest investing markets. It has improved the quality and efficiency of our lives multifold and helped eradicate several diseases. But good health is something that we need to create for ourselves. The right amount of work, good rest, active exercise, a healthy, junk-free diet, and learning to declutter the mind from unnecessary thoughts, little stuff, and toxic emotions are a few things that might work for good health. In the end, it's about having a healthy body and a free mind to live a happy life.

©Neha Kanase 

 A halt at the EV charging station 

Too many Electric vehicles (EVs) are visible in my locality lately. Although the EV battery technology was commercialized long back in India, may be, these vehicles are being preferred more now a days. 'To save the petrol expenditure' is the answer I got when I enquired a few users about their choice. 

One evening, while driving back home, I spotted an EV charging station outside a park. Out of my usual curious nature, I pulled over to have a closer look at the charging station. It consisted of 2 electricity output plugs similar to a petrol pump, a QR code to enter vehicle details and a meter that displayed the amount of charging done and time left to reach full-charge. It had a 60 KW charging capacity. I wanted to try it out, but mine isn't an EV.  I stood looking at it for sometime and left when the passerbys started staring at me.

After a few days, me and my friend drove for a weekend hangout. And guess what- she had got her brand new EV two wheeler. We travelled a lot that day, I told her about the charging station and she agreed to try it out. After scanning the QR, we filled in details like vehicle and charger type using the Bijlify app and made the payment. The charging plug was unlocked and the charging began once we connected the cable to our vehicle's charging port.

Regular vehicles work with the help of an internal combustion engine. The fuel used, most commonly diesel or petrol is consumed inside the combustion chamber that provides the vehicle with the energy required for locomotion. The electric vehicles, on the other hand have an electric motor in place of the internal combustion engine. The motor is powered by an internal battery that acts as the energy source for the vehicle. The battery requires regular charging through the inbuilt charge port of the vehicle. Just like our mobile charger acts as an AC to DC convertor, an EV vehicle charger too converts the AC received at the charging port during charging to DC for the battery. But this, being a very high voltage current is first converted to lower voltage and then transmitted to the electric motor that drives the wheels and moves the vehicle forward.

The initial purchase cost of an EV is more than the regular vehicle. But as some say, EV saves the regular fuel costs. Moreover, since it does not work through fuel combustion, it does not emit carbon dioxide- one of the culprits of climate change as being presented currently. Also, EVs aim at reducing the dependency on the conventional, depleting fossil fuels. But the irony is that the electricity on which an EV runs, comes through the burning of fossil fuels at the thermal power plants!

©Neha Kanase 

 

CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING 

When a chemical reaction occurs, it doesn't announce at each stage about its progress or the mechanism through which it is moving ahead: well, I am kickstarting with a slow rate, reactant concentration is going down, half-life attained, the catalyst has crossed the activation energy barrier, I would now be throwing out some heat, the entropy is increasing and so on. Also at the mechanism level- I just deprotonated, hydride shifted to my carbon neighbor or the ring's a little too strained, I'd now expand to a six-membered one.

All the processes occur in tandem in a chemical reaction, very much in a flow. These are so interlinked that its kind of hard to segregate between them and know which one's actually going on. It's only possible if something goes wrong at a particular stage or if we try to freeze the discrete steps to understand what's going on. But this is still at the laboratory level. When these reactions are carried out in the industries, they are at a much larger scale and occur in chemical reactors. 

Chemical reactors act as hosts for carrying out these reactions. Designing and construction of a chemical reactor is one of the key aspects of chemical reaction engineering. All the reaction parameters come into the picture- kinetics, mechanism, flow dynamics, process control and so on. Chemists and engineers work together in this. While the chemists identify the parameters and reaction mechanism,  the engineers take part in the kinetics, working, and parameters' optimization. A chemical reaction is almost like a living entity. It hydrates, condenses, reacts, heats up and converts. The erection of a reactor takes all these aspects into the picture. It is a very intricate process with a detailed calculation of the specifications involved. There are different kinds of reactors that host chemical reactions on a daily basis in an industry. Also, scale-up of a chemical reaction is another aspect that engineers look into. For synthesizing reactions at large scales in an industry, expansion of the laboratory level reaction needs to be carried out. These need to be checked for reproducibility and feasibility at such a large scale. Sometimes, the mechanism that worked in a lab, might not work in an industry- you might not get the desired reaction intermediate that is supposed to take the reaction forward. In such cases, the mechanism and the reactor engineering might have to be modified. That's where the chemistry logic as well as creativity are applied.

Finally, the reaction end products are what we are concerned about. The starting material- reactants turning into the final outcome-products, that's the main aim. Once the reaction is completed, the products undergo several steps of fine-tuning- isolation from the reactor, purification, and testing. These end products obtained at industries are products of our daily use- medicines, food ingredients, dyes and paints that bring color to our life, pesticides and fertilizers, tyres, fibers, glues, digital displays, and whatnot. The list is endless, and so are our needs. Although there are now sustainable and green approaches to carrying out these reactions, still there's just so much that can be done, given the ever-increasing demand. Its probably high time to reduce the needs. Chemical industries employ large number of people at all levels- scientists, engineers, managers, workers, and many more. As of 2023, the Indian chemical sector hosts 11,000+ chemical companies and employees about 2 million people.

The models of these chemical reactors have evolved over time. They have turned into more efficient designs with minimum losses. The video below shows a  few models of chemical reactors featured at the ChemTech World and ChemExpo 2024. 

©Neha Kanase